Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease in which the body’s own immune system mistakenly attacks normal tissues. Doctors still don’t understand what causes MS. However, there is interesting data that suggest that genetics, a person’s environment, and possibly even a virus may play a role.

Dr. Wanda Castro, a neurologist with the UConn Health Center, says MS is commonly misdiagnosed and people may go untreated for years. But Castro, who specializes in MS, says if diagnosis is made early and treatment is strictly followed, patients don’t need to end up in a wheelchair.

Risk factors:

• MS affects women more than men.
• Commonly diagnosed between ages 20 and 40, but can be seen at any age.
• If you have a family history of MS, you’re at slightly increased risk.

Multiple sclerosis affects the brain and spinal cord. The protective covering that surrounds nerve cells is damaged and nerve signals slow down or stop. Castro says the nerve damage is caused by inflammation but it’s unknown what exactly causes this to happen. The most common thought is a virus or gene defect, or both, are to blame. Environmental factors may also play a role.

Symptoms:

• Numbness
• Loss of muscle control
• Weakness
• Tremors
• Speech and vision problems

Symptoms vary, because the location and severity of each attack can be different. Episodes can last for days, weeks, or months. It is common for the disease to return (relapse). However, the disease may continue to get worse without periods of remission.

Fever, hot baths, sun exposure, and stress can trigger or worsen attacks. Because symptoms of MS may mimic those of many other nervous system disorders, Castro says the disease is usually diagnosed by ruling out other conditions.

There is no known cure for multiple sclerosis. However, there are therapies that may slow the disease. The goal of treatment, typically injectables or oral medication, is to control symptoms and help you maintain a normal quality of life.